Oesophagus
- Gastro-oesophageal reflux and oesophagitis (damage to the oesophagus due to gastric acid)
- Barrett’s Oesophagus (abnormal cells in the oesophagus caused by reflux disease, that have the potential of becoming cancer)
- Eosinophilic oesophagitis (a special type of inflammation of the oesophagus associated with eosinophils which are a kind of white blood cell)
- Oesophageal varices (bloated veins that may bleed, due to liver cirrhosis or scarring)
- Oesophageal cancer
- Oesophageal strictures (narrowing of the oesophagus)
- Corrosive injury to the oesophagus
- Pill induced oesophagitis (some medicines if not properly swallowed and are stuck in the oesophagus can cause severe inflammation and ulceration)
- Functional disorders of the oesophagus (due to nerve-muscle incoordination)
Stomach
- Peptic ulcers of the stomach and duodenum
- Gastritis, often related to Helicobacter pylori infection
- Intestinal metaplasia (abnormal cells in the stomach caused by chronic gastritis, that have the potential of becoming cancer)
- Stomach cancer
- Oesophageal cancer
- Helicobacter pylori infection (which can cause gastritis, ulcers and even cancer)
- Functional disorders of the stomach e.g. functional dyspepsia (due to nerve-muscle incoordination)
Liver, Biliary System And Pancreas
- Hepatitis - virus Hepatitis A, B, C, D, E etc., drug induced hepatitis, autoimmune hepatitis
- Cirrhosis of the liver (scarring of the liver due to long standing hepatitis or fatty liver)
- Liver cancer (almost always associated with scarred or cirrhotic liver)
- Gallstones (in the gallbladder also called “cholelithiasis” or bile ducts also called “choledocholithiasis”)
- Gallbladder cancer (relatively rare)
- Pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas due to gallstones, alcohol etc. which can be acute or chronic or acute on chronic)
- Pancreatic cancer
- Cholangiocarcinoma (cancer of the bile ducts)
- Alcohol related liver and pancreatic disease
- Haechromatosis (genetically mediated condition in which iron accumulates in the liver and other tissues causing damage)
- Wilson’s disease (a metabolic disorder in which copper accumulates in the liver and other tissues causing damage)
- Primary biliary cirrhosis (an immune cause of gradual destruction of small bile ducts in the liver in the long term causing liver scarring and cirrhosis)
- Primary sclerosing cholangitis (an immune cause of gradual destruction of the larger bile ducts in the long term causing bile duct blockage and bile duct cancer)\
Intestines And Bowels
- Gastroenteritis (acute sometimes prolonged diarrhoea, cramp and pain caused by bacteria or viruses)
- Irritable bowel syndrome
- Inflammatory bowel diseases - Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn's Disease (inflammation of the intestines)
- Diverticular disease (out-pouches of the lining of the large intestine may bleed, becoming inflamed, causing pain or bleeding or both)
- Colon and rectal polyps (little tumours in the colon that may be benign, but may turn into cancer with time)
- Colon and rectal cancer
- Anal cancer
- Angiodysplasia (abnormal blood vessels that may bleed)
- Haemorrhoids ('piles')
- Coeliac Disease (specific allergy to gluten in many grains, causing inflammation and atrophy of the absorptive surface of the small intestine)
- Neuroendocrine tumour (a special type of cancer that secretes active hormones)
